The rubber pad is in fact black sealant, such as Sika fix or some thing similar. (Suitable for bonding metal to metal, high Grab for use externally)
clean off the old black residue from all surfaces.
clean both surfaces (table & bracket )
put a piece of flat metal (or something similarly hard) over the deformed pop rivet holes, in the table.
gently tap the metal plate to push the deformed aluminium back flush with the table surface. repeat until the deformed hoke is flush with the table surface.
one pop rivet shank is still in the table this will need to be drilled out if it cannot be pushed through.
Then you will need to very carefully re drill the existing hole (use a slightly smaller drill than the new pop rivet requires) to allow the new pop rivet to be installed correctly And bind. (If you drill the new hole too big the new pop rivet will simply pull out.
Be extremely careful when drilling tge new holes not to allow the drill to push through and make contact with the front face of the table (when drilling, it will dent it outwards)
the addition of new glue will be integral to the latch staying in place. Apply the glue to the bracket before attaching to the table (mask the table to prevent unsightly over spill of the glue )