Only just spotted this thread, but had exactly the same on a brand new (21-plate) Golf hire car a few months ago.
Four hours in one direction, no problem. 30 mins into the drive home and it refused to overtake, but would undertake quite happily.
However, this Golf went into full European mode with the speed sign recognition too. So with ACC manually set at 70 mph on a dual carriageway, whenever I passed a national speed limit sign (70 mph), it would interpret it as 70 kph and very 'helpfully' brake and slow the car to 44 mph (although still showing '70' on the dashboard icon). Took me a while to figure out what was going on, and somewhat frustrating with signs every half mile on the A1!
I don't know what triggered it, as the SatNav had me in the right place in the UK (there was another issue with the audio directions being out of sync with the junction I was actually at, but that's another story). The only thing I can think of is that I was sat behind a European truck for about 10 mins in traffic, and I remember it had the 50/60/70kph stickers on the back, so not sure if that tricked the ACC/speed recognition system into thinking it was in Europe - but then I'm not convinced it's that clever! In the end I pulled into the services, stopped and restarted the car, and everything was back to normal again.
Probably doesn't help you solve your issue, but you're definitely not alone!